Where is soda taxed

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Who pays the AMT? How much revenue does the AMT raise? Taxes and the Family What is the child tax credit? In , the same researchers followed up on their first study. Chile not only imposed a sugar-sweetened beverages tax of 18 percent in , a rate that led to a 3. The country also restricts the advertising of unhealthy foods to children, banned junk food in schools, and requires extensive food package labeling.

One-third of Chilean adults and The lower sugar content in sodas resulted in a Research suggests that at this rate obesity in Britain could fall by , cases. There could also be 19, fewer diabetes cases per year. Researchers at the Mexican National Institute of Public Health and the University of North Carolina surveyed more than 75, households in the years after the tax went into effect. They found purchases of taxed beverages decreased by 5. To assess sugary-beverage purchases before and after the tax, Colchero and colleagues used a nationwide survey of more than 75, Mexican households.

Bottled water purchases, on the other hand, increased 16 percent — an encouraging sign, Colchero says, that people were switching to a healthier alternative. A follow-up study using additional data found similar effects, and suggested that the drop in sugary-beverage sales grew to nearly 10 percent in the second year of the tax.

Can such modest decreases translate to better health? Computer modeling studies based on the Mexican purchase data suggest that they could. In one study, researchers used a simulation to predict the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and related conditions.

The model was developed using the Framingham Heart Study in the US, which uses public health data on age, sex, smoking, body mass index and more to predict cardiovascular health trends, but the scientists plugged in Mexican public health data wherever available.

That study predicted , fewer new cases of type 2 diabetes and 20, fewer heart attacks and strokes over a year period, assuming a sustained 10 percent decrease in sugary-beverage consumption in Mexico and estimating that people would make up 39 percent of those lost calories elsewhere in their diets.

Both modeling studies suggested that doubling the tax would roughly double the public health benefits.

The Mexican legislature is considering legislation that would do that. In Berkeley, which implemented a penny-per-ounce tax on sweetened beverages in — the first such tax in the US — researchers have also seen reduced beverage purchases. One study examined millions of checkout scanner transactions for two supermarket chains in the area and found a 10 percent drop in sales of the taxed beverages.

A recent study from Philadelphia found an even greater reduction in sugary-beverage sales. Sales of sweetened beverages dropped 51 percent the year after the tax was implemented, the team reported in May in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Sales in Baltimore, a nearby city with similar demographics and no beverage tax, remained flat during the same period, suggesting that the tax was responsible for the drop, as opposed to some regional trend or societal shift.

About a quarter of that decline was offset by an increase in sales in three surrounding zip codes, suggesting that some people were willing to drive across the city line to get their soda, or at least pick some up when they were passing through. But even factoring in that cross-border shopping, Philadelphia has seen a 38 percent decline in the purchase of sweetened beverages, the researchers conclude.

Several factors could account for the larger drop in sales in Philadelphia compared with Berkeley, Madsen says. In addition, Berkeley residents drank relatively little soda to begin with. Cawley and colleagues surveyed hundreds of Philadelphians before and after the tax was implemented, initially approaching people as they exited stores to ask about their purchases, then following up by phone with more detailed questions.

Adults who participated in the study reported drinking about 10 fewer sodas a month after the tax, amounting to a reduction of about 31 percent, according to a study recently published by Cawley and colleagues in the Journal of Health Economics.

The study also provides the first data on how beverage taxes affect children, Cawley says. The Philadelphia tax did not reduce soda consumption by children as a whole, the researchers found, but it did reduce consumption among those who were frequent soda drinkers to begin with. Despite the growing evidence that beverage taxes reduce sales, there is so far no direct evidence that the taxes have the intended health effects.

Ideally, researchers would like to monitor the health of a representative group of people before and after the tax, says Lisa Powell, a health economist at the University of Illinois, Chicago. So far this has not been done, although Roberto has applied for funding for a study that would use electronic health records for thousands of patients in the University of Pennsylvania hospital system to look for changes in body mass index, and possibly indicators of diabetes, before and after the enactment of the Philadelphia soda tax.

The alternative, looking for changes in the overall population — say, in the prevalence of obesity or diabetes — requires more data and more sophisticated statistics.

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