Where is gibberellic acid produced in plants

Therefore, the costs of GA 3 production could be reduced, making its application viable in different important agriculture cultivars. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication this paper.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of , as selected by our Chief Editors. Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Vandenberghe , 1 Marcela C. Academic Editor: Hwa-Liang Leo. Received 30 Mar Revised 30 Jun Accepted 17 Jul Published 07 Sep Abstract Gibberellic acid GA 3 is an important phytohormone, a member of gibberellins family, which acts as a promoter and regulator of plant growth.

Introduction Gibberellins GAs consist of a family of diterpenoid acids, an important group of phytohormones that exercise different effects on growth and development of plants, such as germination, cell elongation, expansion of leaves, and development of flowers [ 1 — 3 ].

Materials and Methods 2. Substrates The composition of CP is shown in Table 1. Component Amount Moisture Table 1. Figure 1.

Source: [ 24 ]. Figure 2. Design of 1. Figure 3. GA 3 production by SSF in flask and column. Values and error bars represent the mean and standard deviation of triplicate experiments. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Microscopy x of CP particle after fermentation to evaluate the adhesion of fungus to CP particle as a support. Table 2. GA 3 production in different bioreactors and fermentation techniques using CP or its extract as substrate. References C.

Colebrook, S. Thomas, A. Phillips, and P. Hedden and S. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, and R. View at: Publisher Site G. Tucker and J. Roberts, Plant Hormone Protocols , vol. View at: Publisher Site B.

Shukla, S. Chand, and A. Botelho, E. Pires, M. Terra, and C. Passos, G. Matos, L. Meletti, M. Scott, L. Bernacci, and M. Alexopoulos, K. Akoumianakis, S. Vemmos, and H. Sharma and R. Khan, M. Siddiqui, F. Mohammad, M. Naeem, and M. Christiaens, E. Dhooghe, D. Pinxteren, and M. Shi, H. Peng, S. Zeng et al. Hollmann, J. Switalski, S. Geipel, and U. Lu, Z. Xie, and M. Gelmi, R. Rodrigues, L.

Soccol and L. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. Abrir menu. Bandelier, S. Process Biochemistry , 32 , Banwart, G. Castro, L. Process Biochemistry , 40 , Escamilla, E. P, Parra, R. Journal of Biotechnology , 76 , Holbrook, A. Adv Chem Ser. Hollmann, D. Holme, T. Biotechnol Bioeng , 7 , Jefferys, E. Adv Appl Biol , 13 , Kagawa, A. Standard table of food composition in Japan. Tokyo: University of Nutrition for women, Kumar, P.

R, Lonsane, B. Advances in Applied Microbiology , 34 , Linnemannstons, P. M, Proctor, R. H, Avalos, J. Fungal Genet Biol. Machado, C. M, Oliveira, B. H, Pandey, A. R, Pandey A. M, Soccol, C. R and Pandey, A. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology , , R, Oliveira, B. Braunscheweig: Doehring Druck, pp O'Donnell, K. Mycologia , 90 , Pandey, A. R, Rodriguez-Leon, J. A, Nigan, P. Asiatech Publishers Inc.

Passos, I. S, Matos, G. C, Meletti, L. M, Scott, M. S, Bernacci, L. Additional agar infused with gibberellic acid was also prepared. A p micropipette precise to multiples of 5 microliters was used to measure the gibberellic acid. In addition, 5 plates of each of the three concentrations of gibberellic acid infused agar were poured. The plates were inverted and stored in the refrigerator until use.

After a 3-minute soak, the seeds were rinsed with sterile water, stored in sterile water, and refrigerated until use. The seeds and prepared petri dishes were then taken into the tissue culture laboratory, and sterile technique was used to plant five seeds on each of the plates, as shown in Figure 1.

The plates were then placed under the plant lights. After three days, the plates designated for gibberellic acid solution sprays were brought into the tissue culture lab.

All of the plates were then parafilmed and placed under the plant lights. The following day, the plates were placed vertically in Tupperware containers divided into sections with lab tape underneath the plant lights.

This allowed for greater shoot growth, because if the plates were kept horizontally, the shoots would grow up and hit the lid of the petri dishes. Beginning one week after planting, the root length and shoot length of each plant was measured over the course of four days using a metric ruler, precise to the nearest millimeter.

The ruler was held against the transparent petri dish to measure both the roots and shoots. Color was used as a means of differentiating the roots from the shoots; the roots were a translucent white color and the shoots were green. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the most effective gibberellic acid treatment-whether by introduction directly into the growth media, or by a gibberellic acid soak post-germination, and at which concentration. Part 2 of the experiment was entirely dependent on the results from part 1.

In order to have the greatest likelihood of the mutants growing larger due to the gibberellic acid, only the treatment that had the greatest effect on the wild-type plants was administered to the mutants. The results are analyzed in further in the results and discussion sections, but for the purposes of this procedure, low and medium concentrations of gibberellic acid infused agar resulted in the most significant increase in plant growth.

Thus, for part 2 of the experiment, 2 bottles of normal agar, 1 bottle of low concentration gibberellic acid infused agar, and 1 concentration of medium concentration gibberellic acid infused agar were prepared and poured into 20 petri dishes, as designated on Figure 2.

Both PKL mutant Arabidopsis seeds and wild-type Arabidopsis seeds were prepared with bleach solution and washed with sterile water, and all of the plates were taken into the tissue culture laboratory. The plates were parafilmed and placed under the plant lights.

After 4 days, the plates were placed vertically in Tupperware containers sectioned with lab tape. One week after planting, the root lengths and shoot lengths of each plant were measured for a total of four days using a metric ruler, precise to the nearest millimeter. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether or not the gibberellic acid treatment was able to enhance the growth of the mutants. The independent variables for part 1 of the experiment were the concentrations of gibberellic acid and the method of gibberellic acid exposure directly into the growth medium or applying onto the developing plant.

For part 2, the independent variable was the gibberellic acid exposure. The dependent variables were shoot growth, root growth, and any qualitative observations that represented the development of the plant. For both parts of the experiment, the plants not treated with gibberellic acid represented the control. Temperature, light exposure, and method of measuring were some constants for the experiment. For each treatment group, there were five plates with five plants per plate, resulting in 25 trials.

In order to determine the most effective method of gibberellic acid application, it was first necessary to calculate the average shoot growth and root growth of the plants over the four-day period.

For each of the six treatment groups high, medium, and low concentrations for both the spray and the infused agar and the control there were 25 plants that were averaged. The standard deviations of the means were calculated as well, to determine the spread of the data. The average growth of the shoots including the standard deviation is displayed in Table 1. In Table 1. The days indicate the number of days that the data was collected post- planting.

Simply by looking at the data, it is apparent that the plants grown in low and medium concentration gibberellic acid infused agar had the greatest amount of growth. Graphically, the data from Table 1. Rather than using one large graph to depict all of the data points, the graphs were divided into two: those plants sprayed with gibberellic acid Graph 1. In both graphs, black bars represent the standard deviations.

Graph 1. It seems that as the concentrations of gibberellic acid solution increase, so does the shoot growth. All of the standard deviation bars overlap, however, so it is a bit difficult to deduce if this difference is statistically significant. By the final day, all of the spray treatments were statistically more effective than those control plants not receiving gibberellic acid treatment. To determine this, several t-tests were conducted. A t-test is a form of statistical analysis that is used to determine if the difference between two sets of data is statistically significant.

Low and medium concentrations have the largest shoot growth, and looking at the standard deviation bars, they seem to be consistent. Additional t-tests were conducted to compare the treatments to the controls, and on all days other than day 8, all of the shoots of the plants grown in gibberellic acid infused media were statistically larger than the control plant shoots.

In order to determine the most effective treatment, the final average shoot growth for each of the treatment groups was plotted on Graph 1. None of the plants sprayed with gibberellic acid solution had shoot growth that was statistically different from the other sprays. The shoot growth of plants grown in low and medium concentrations of gibberellic acid were not statistically different from each other, but did result in statistically greater growth than the high concentration of gibberellic acid infused media and all of the sprays.

By the end of the four days, all plants treated with some form of gibberellic acid had statistically greater growth than the control, suggesting that no matter how it is applied, gibberellic acid will enhance shoot growth.

When determining which was the best method and concentration in terms of shoot growth, low and medium gibberellic acid infused agar were statistically the most effective. Analysis of the root growth in order to determine the most effective gibberellic acid treatment was conducted identically to the analysis of the shoot growth.

All of the average root growths are displayed in Table 1. The root growth for plants sprayed with low and medium gibberellic acid seems very similar to the growth of the control. The plants with the least amount of root growth were those grown in high concentration gibberellic acid infused agar.

Similar to shoot growth, the data from Table 1. The standard deviation of each root growth average is shown with a black bar. Simply by looking at Graph 1. Especially near the earlier days of measurement, the bars appear nearly identical in height. When taking t-tests into account, the high and low sprays resulted in statistically significant root growth enhancement only on day 9.

By the final day, the root growth of the plants sprayed with gibberellic acid solution was not statistically different from the root growth of the controls. High gibberellic acid infused agar seems to actually inhibit root growth. Using the results from multiple t-tests, it can be concluded that on the final day, all three of the gibberellic acid infused media treatments resulted in root growth statistically different from the control.

However, while the low and medium concentrations caused a significant increase in growth, the high concentration caused a significant decrease. In order to determine the most effective treatment, the final average root growth for each of the treatment groups was plotted on Graph 1.

The results for root growth were quite similar to those of shoot growth. Low and medium gibberellic acid infused agar were the most effective treatments, because only these plants were statistically different from the control by the last day of measurement Graph 1. The plants grown in high gibberellic acid infused media were also statistically different from the control, but with a decreased amount of growth. In fact, Graph 1. As for qualitative results from Part 1 of the investigation, the plants treated with gibberellic acid are also a bit of a deeper green in color, in terms of qualitative development.

After determining that the low and medium concentrations of gibberellic acid infused agar were most effective at increasing root and shoot growth, this treatment was applied to PKL mutant plants in Part 2 of the investigation.